The typical example is Shor’s algorithm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor's_algorithm

It allows to efficiently find the prime factors of an integer - a problem without a known polynomial algorithm on a classical computer.

This would directly break RSA encryption, as it relies on factorisation being difficult.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_cryptosystem

However, there are encryption algorithms that are considered safe even against a quantum computer.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography

Considering how much heat the servers probably generate, ChatGPT might have a decent chance in that competition 😁